Kashmiri walnut wood carving tradition is a testament to centuries of artistry, intricately intertwined with local culture and nature. Skilled artisans, known as “wasta” or “naqash,” meticulously hand-carve walnut wood using locally crafted tools. Their techniques passed down through generations, echo the region’s rich history of stone carving, evolving into a nuanced art form that ranges from delicate flat relief to deeply dimensional expressions.
The carvings themselves burst with life, showcasing the region’s diverse flora and fauna in a highly stylized manner, reflecting motifs found in other Kashmiri crafts. Each piece is a testament to the master craftsman’s skill, evident in the calculated strokes used for chipping, carving, and rounding the wood. This intricate process, reminiscent of stone sculpture (Shilpi) but on a smaller scale, results in stunning detail and depth.
This fascination with intricate detail emerged in the late 19th century, influenced by European aesthetics. Bold, impactful carvings of earlier times gave way to a more delicate and detailed style, characterized by intricate undercutting. Today, Kashmiri walnut wood carving is instantly recognizable, its warm tones and unique textures interwoven with traditional motifs in a miniaturized and highly detailed form. This art form thrives within five distinct styles, each bearing witness to the enduring legacy of Kashmiri craftsmanship.
a) Undercut (Khokerdar): This intricate style echoes the tradition of stone carving, featuring multi-layered designs, sometimes exceeding seven layers (satnarey). Khokerdar creates a mesmerizing three-dimensional effect, breathing life into various motifs. Rounded edges prevail, creating a sense of fluidity and depth. Favored by master craftsmen (“wastas”), this style often graces panels with elaborate “jungle kaam” scenes, brimming with intricate detail.
b) Open or Lattice Work (Jallidahr, Shabokdhar): This delicate style is a hallmark of screens and furniture pieces. Its intricate “jallis” (latticework) create stunning see-through patterns, allowing light to dance through the carved designs. The iconic Chinar leaf motif frequently adorns furniture pieces, particularly chair backs. This mesmerizing style is also known as “cut work” or “see-through.”
c) Deep Carving (Vaboraveth): This bold style, also known as “raised work,” brings motifs to life with impressive depth and dimensionality. The dragon and lotus motifs are particularly favored in this style, adding a touch of mythical grandeur to the carvings.
d) Semi Carving or Engraved Carving (Padri): Characterized by its subtlety, this style features thin carved panels that delicately frame the surface. A central motif often graces the heart of these panels, creating a harmonious balance between simplicity and artistry.
e) Shallow or Plain Carving (Sadikaam): This versatile style adorns flat surfaces with intricate patterns, creating a textured and visually appealing effect. Its understated elegance enhances the natural beauty of the walnut wood, making it suitable for a wide range of applications
The intricate process of carving furniture and smaller items requires a high level of skill and craftsmanship, utilizing small indigenous tools. The art of wood carving is primarily focused in the city of Srinagar.
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